It is caused by inadequate perfusion of ventilated alveoli define physiologic dead space sum of anatomic and alveolar dead space when are anatomic and physiologic dead space almost equal in the healthy adult in who nearly all alveoli are function and alveolar dead space is minimal what is the difference between physiologic and anatomic dead space Alveolar dead space, or unperfused/ under perfused alveoli What is the anatomic dead space in mL/kg in the adult 2ml/kg in the normal adult identify 4 situations that are associated with a significant increase in dead space 1. Accessory muscles are the sternocleidomastoid muscles, the anterior serratus and scalene muscles Contraction of what muscle is most responsible for increasing the vertical dimension of the thorax? The diaphragm identify 2 groups of muscles that may be employed to force expiration Muscles that pull the rib cage downward during expiration are the abdominal recti and the internal intercostals define dead space The portion of tidal volume that does not participate in gas exchange define anatomic dead space The volume of air in the conducting airwaysĥ0% is contained in the upper airway, it remains relatively constant throughout life define alveolar dead space Volume of inhaled gas that enters non-perfused or poorly perfused alveoli *If position is not indicated, 67-75% the diaphragm is innervated by what nerve arising form what spinal segments? phrenic nerve, C3, C4, C5 In what 2 directions are the thoracic dimension altered during ventilation the vertical dimension of the chest cavity is lengthened and shortened and the anteroposterior diameter is increased and decreased Contraction of what muscles increases the A/P diameter of the thorax Muscles of the rib cage that increase A/P diameter are the external intercostals Levitzky states 1/3-1/5 in upright position and 2/3 in supine position Stolting states 75% without respect to position The lateral cricoarytenoid muscle causes adduction what are the muscles of inspiration, which is the most important Diaphragm is the most important muscle of inspiration, it is accompanied by the external intercostals what percentage of tidal volume breathing is contributed by the diaphragm in the upright subject during quiet breathing? The answer is controversial The external branch of the SLN provides motor innervation to the cricothyroid muscle Injury to what nerve will prevent the vocal cords from coming together? What intrinsic laryngeal muscles are involved when the RLN is damaged, the paralyzed vocal cord assumes an intermediate position and cannot adduct. Laryngospasm is mediated by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve. the void goes up in pitch what muscle relaxes the vocal cords thyroarytenoid muscle relaxes the vocal cords what nerve provides sensation below the cords RLN branch of the vagus Which nerve provides sensation above the cords internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve which is a branch of the vagus which nerve provides sensation to the anterior and posterior surfaces of the epiglottis? internal branch of the SLN laryngospasm is caused by stimulation of which nerve stimulation of the SLN what muscles are involved in laryngospasm The cricothyroids are the muscles involved in laryngospasm, they adduct and tense the vocal cords. Which intrinsic muscle close the laryngeal inlet aryepiglottic muscle pair closes the inlet, they are sphincters of the laryngeal vestibule identify the muscles that abduct and adduct the vocal cords abduct- posterior cricoarytenoids (open)Īdduct- lateral crycoarytenoids (close) which muscle tenses the vocal cords? the cricothyroid muscle tenses or tightens the vocal cords.
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